出口企业如何降低产品质量法律风险/程俊律师

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出口企业如何降低产品质量法律风险
程俊律师

产品质量纠纷是国际贸易中常见的纠纷之一,美国邓白氏公司中国代表对大陆被拖欠问题曾作过统计分析,从国际贸易拖欠案直接起因看:(1)有意欺诈的拖欠款占60%;(2)产品质量/货期有争议占25%;(3)严重管理失误占10%;(4)其他占5%。
作为卖家的出口企业,处理好产品质量纠纷,直接关系到收汇,很多外商在收到货之后,会提出产品有质量瑕疵,然后据此拒绝付款,甚至提出反索赔,直接扣减货款,而此时通常货物已在外商手里,出口企业往往只能自认损失。本文就降低产品质量的法律风险的一些措施做了一些分析,供出口企业参考。
一、签约阶段的注意事项
我们认为,降低法律风险要以预防为主。事前采取防范措施,投入小,并且比较主动,也可以较好的规避纠纷的发生,并且在纠纷发生时可以占据有利地位。要做到预防法律风险,在签约阶段就应该注意进行资信调查,并在出口合同中注意相关条款的设计。
(一)签约前的外商资信调查。
我国的出口企业普遍看重订单,而不重视对外商进行资信调查,也不重视合同详细条款的约定。外商利用企业急于下订单的心态,常提出以D/A、 后T/T等方式付款,有些不良外商在收到货物后即恶意以质量问题为由拖欠付款。因此,对于资信度尚不佳的外商,企业应采取相对保守一些的付款方式,而D/A、 后T/T这类付款方式,必须仅限于与资信良好的外商之间的贸易。即使是合作多年的老客户,资信情况也不是一成不变,当其出现一些异常时,也应进行资信调查,及时掌握客户信息。从实际经验看,坚持对新客户先资信调查后成交,对老客户定期进行调查或发现疑点及时调查,可使境外拖欠案件下降50%。
(二)合同条款设计的注意事项。
1、约定质量标准的注意事项。
国际贸易中质量纠纷的发生,往往缘于买卖双方对质量标准的看法不一致,因此最直接的解决办法就是在出口合同中明确约定产品质量的标准。约定质量标准的方式有多种多样。
对于按样品生产的,最好对样品进行封样,由双方予以确认,在将来发生争议时,可以作为确定质量标准的依据。但是以样品表示品质要慎重,因为出口货物难以做到与样品一模一样,因此,一般可以用样品表示产品中的一部分要求,而其它部分尽量采用指标、文字方式。
以文字说明表示商品的品质,是国际贸易中最常用的表示商品品质的方法,一般有凭规格、等级、标准、说明书及图样、产地、品牌、商标等方式加以表示。此种方式下,要注意以下几点:避免出现遗漏约定某些方面的指标;在按照企业自行订立的标准生产时,要注意订立的标准的科学性,从我国的对外贸易实践中,商品的标准首先以国际上普遍采用的标准为主,国际上未有的,参照国家标准,国家标准未有的,参照行业标准,国际标准、国家标准、行业标准一般有其科学性,企业一般不宜随意制订自己的标准;约定的标准不宜太苛刻,而应有一定的品质浮动幅度,否则履行合同会有一定的困难;约定一定要明确、具体,不能太模糊,避免出现“大约”、“左右”、“合理误差”等含糊的词语,否则质量标准不好把握,检验检疫工作也难操作,容易发生争议;考虑长时间运输对品质是否有影响,如果有影响,那么要约定此种情况。
2、应约定质量检测方法。
对于质量检测方法的不同看法,也往往会造成产品质量异议,因此有必要约定产品质量检测办法,具体包括:A、质量检测机构;B、该检测机构的质量检测报告的在确定质量问题时的地位、作用;C、检测样品的挑选比例、挑选办法及保存办法;D、检测报告中合格样品与不合格样品比例对确定整批产品质量状况的影响,例如达到或者超过多少比例可以拒绝接收货物,甚至解除合同。
3、应约定质量检验期。
如果在出口合同中约定了质量检验期间的,作为买方的外商如果在约定的质量检验期内没有向作为卖方的出口企业提出质量不符合合同约定的异议的,就应该认定产品质量是符合合同约定的。
4、可以约定质量保证期。
质量保证期即我们经常所说的质保期间,超过此质量保证期间的,则外商不应以货物质量问题为由提出拒收、拒付或反索赔要求,而只能归入售后服务阶段或由买方自行承担相关损失。在可以选择约定质量保证期的情况下,可以在没有约定质量检验期的情况下约定质量证期,并一般应选择约定二年以下的质量保证期。
5、应约定质量问题的处理条款。
通过约定质量问题的处理条款,根据不同的情况提供相应的解决方案,以避免外商随意以质量问题为由直接扣款。比如约定如何确定存在质量问题,如何确定导致质量问题发生的来源,约定不同阶段下法律风险的分担,约定哪些情况下可以调换产品或者退运,哪些情况下应该仅更换零部件,哪些情况下由外商自己承担法律风险。
6、应对赔偿责任进行限制。
我们经常会从新闻媒体或者行业内了解到,国外买方尤其是欧美的买方经常向中国出口企业提起巨额反索赔请求,反索赔金额可能远远超过了合同货值。因此,我们建议出口企业与外商在约定违约金时,应约定赔偿的责任限制,并尽量避免买方可将其下家的反索赔金额向出口企业追偿的约定。
7、约定付款条件条款的注意事项。
付款条件的条款本身不是处理质量问题的条款,但是在实务操作中,付款的条件与质量问题的处理息息相关。比如,如果全部后T/T的情况下,由于货物已经在外商手中时才付款,如果此时外商有心不付款,就会挑货物质量的次,并以此拒货,作为出口企业十分被动,常常是任其宰割,被迫接受降价的要求。因此,出口企业在商谈付款条件的时候,也要考虑对产品质量符合合同约定是否有把握。
二、合同的履行阶段。
首先,企业应重视合同,严格按照约定的质量标准或者样品进行生产,加强生产管理、监控生产流程,及时发现产品问题、解决问题,杜绝有质量问题的产品出厂。
其次,在货物检验时让各方经办人员对检验结果予以签字或盖章确认,以避免事后提出质量异议。
三、在整个流程中相关材料或证据的保留、收集工作,以备不时之需。
在很多质量纠纷中,合同一方处于不利的地位,就是由于缺乏相应的反映真实的情况的证据,导致被对方钻了空子。这需要在交易谈判开始,到整个交易完成以后的整个过程中,都要有意的注意收集日常工作中处理交易过程中发生的所有有用的材料,并做好保管,这就需要企业制订相关的档案管理制度,并对员工进行一定的法律培训。证据的种类多种多样,在外贸业务流程中,主要有以下一些材料:合同(包括形式发票、订单等能够证明双方约定的书面材料),MASTER B/L,HOUSE B/L, 航空运单,海运单,铁路承运货物收据,邮包收据,专递收据,提单确认件,报关单,增值税发票、货代发票等各类发票,汇款单,装箱单,出口货物明细单,订舱单等。从形式上看,除了书面的材料(包括传真),也可以是电子邮件、录音、证人、QQ记录、ICQ记录、MSN记录等,当然还有一些证据材料不保留在自己手里,而是为交易过程中其他主体(包括海关、税务局、货代、船公司等)所保管、登记。
四、及时运用法律手段维护权利。
在外商恶意以质量问题为由拖欠货款时,出口企业应及时以法律手段维护权利。货款逾期3个月,就是坏账的警示信号,一定要有追索行动,如果自己追收不回,应积极寻求包括仲裁、诉讼在内的法律途径。国际贸易经验表明,在货款逾期3个月时即进行追索,损失可以减少70%左右。
以上我们分别从签约阶段、履约阶段、证据材料的保留、法律维权等几个方面做了一些初略的分析,这几个方面的工作是密切相关的,需要企业同样重视,才能最大限度的降低法律风险。


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LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON FOREIGN-CAPITAL ENTER-PRISES ——附加英文版

The National People's Congress


LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON FOREIGN-CAPITAL ENTER-PRISES

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 39 of the President of the People's
Republic of China and effective as of April 12, 1986)


Article 1
With a view to expanding economic cooperation and technical exchange with
foreign countries and promoting the development of China's national
economy, the People's Republic of China permits foreign enterprises, other
foreign economic organizations and individuals (hereinafter collectively
referred to as "foreign investors") to set up enterprises with foreign
capital in China and protects the lawful rights and interests of such
enterprises.
Article 2
As mentioned in this Law, "enterprises with foreign capital" refers to
those enterprises established in China by foreign investors, exclusively
with their own capital, in accordance with relevant Chinese laws. The term
does not include branches set up in China by foreign enterprises and other
foreign economic organizations.
Article 3
Enterprises with foreign capital shall be established in such a manner as
to help the development of China's national economy; they shall use
advanced technology and equipment or market all or most of their products
outside China. Provisions shall be made by the State Council regarding
the lines of business which the state forbids enterprises with foreign
capital to engage in or on which it places certain restrictions.
Article 4
The investments of a foreign investor in China, the profits it earns and
its other lawful rights and interests are protected by Chinese law.
Enterprises with foreign capital must abide by Chinese laws and
regulations and must not engage in any activities detrimental to China's
public interest.
Article 5
The state shall not nationalize or requisition any enterprise with foreign
capital. Under special circumstances, when public interest requires,
enterprises with foreign capital may be requisitioned by legal procedures
and appropriate compensation shall be made.
Article 6
The application to establish an enterprise with foreign capital shall be
submitted for examination and approval to the department under the State
Council which is in charge of foreign economic relations and trade, or to
another agency authorized by the State Council. The authorities in charge
of examination and approval shall, within 90 days from the date they
receive such application, decide whether or not to grant approval.
Article 7
After an application for the establishment of an enterprise with foreign
capital has been approved, the foreign investor shall, within 30 days from
the date of receiving a certificate of approval, apply to the industry and
commerce administration authorities for registration and obtain a business
licence. The date of issue of the business licence shall be the date of
the establishment of the enterprise.
Article 8
An enterprise with foreign capital which meets the conditions for being
considered a legal person under Chinese law shall acquire the status of a
Chinese legal person, in accordance with the law.
Article 9
An enterprise with foreign capital shall make investments in China within
the period approved by the authorities in charge of examination and
approval. If it fails to do so, the industry and commerce administration
authorities may cancel its business licence. The industry and commerce
administration authorities shall inspect and supervise the investment
situation of an enterprise with foreign capital.
Article 10
In the event of a separation, merger or other major change, an enterprise
with foreign capital shall report to and seek approval from the
authorities in charge of examination and approval, and register the change
with the industry and commerce administration authorities.
Article 11
The production and operating plans of enterprises with foreign capital
shall be reported to the competent authorities for the record.
Enterprises with foreign capital shall conduct their operations and
management in accordance with the approved articles of association, and
shall be free from any interference.
Article 12
When employing Chinese workers and staff, an enterprise with foreign
capital shall conclude contracts with them according to law, in which
matters concerning employment, dismissal, remuneration, welfare benefits,
labour protection and labour insurance shall be clearly prescribed.
Article 13
Workers and staff of enterprises with foreign capital may organize trade
unions in accordance with the law, in order to conduct trade union
activities and protect their lawful rights and interests.
The enterprises shall provide the necessary conditions for the activities
of the trade unions in their respective enterprises.
Article 14
An enterprise with foreign capital must set up account books in China,
conduct independent accounting, submit the fiscal reports and statements
as required and accept supervision by the financial and tax authorities.
If an enterprise with foreign capital refuses to maintain account books in
China, the financial and tax authorities may impose a fine on it, and the
industry and commerce administration authorities may order it to suspend
operations or may revoke its business licence.
Article 15
Within the scope of the operations approved, enterprises with foreign
capital may purchase, either in China or from the world market, raw and
semi-processed materials, fuels and other materials they need. When these
materials are available from both sources on similar terms, first priority
should be given to purchases in China.
Article 16
Enterprises with foreign capital shall apply to insurance companies in
China for such kinds of insurance coverage as are needed.
Article 17
Enterprises with foreign capital shall pay taxes in accordance with
relevant state provisions for tax payment, and may enjoy preferential
treatment for reduction of or exemption from taxes.
An enterprise that reinvests its profits in China after paying the income
tax, may, in accordance with relevant state provisions, apply for refund
of a part of the income tax already paid on the reinvested amount.
Article 18
Enterprises with foreign capital shall handle their foreign exchange
transactions in accordance with the state provisions for foreign exchange
control. Enterprises with foreign capital shall open an account with the
Bank of China or with a bank designated by the state agency exercising
foreign exchange control. Enterprises with foreign capital shall manage
to balance their own foreign exchange receipts and payments. If, with the
approval of the competent authorities, the enterprises market their
products in China and consequently experience an imbalance in foreign
exchange, the said authorities shall help them correct the imbalance.
Article 19
The foreign investor may remit abroad profits that are lawfully earned
from an enterprise with foreign capital, as well as other lawful earnings
and any funds remaining after the enterprise is liquidated.
Wages, salaries and other legitimate income earned by foreign employees in
an enterprise with foreign capital may be remitted abroad after the
payment of individual income tax in accordance with the law.
Article 20
With respect to the period of operations of an enterprise with foreign
capital, the foreign investor shall report to and secure approval from the
authorities in charge of examination and approval. For an extension of the
period of operations, an application shall be submitted to the said
authorities 180 days before the expiration of the period. The authorities
in charge of examination and approval shall, within 30 days from the date
such application is received, decide whether or not to grant the
extension.
Article 21
When terminating its operations, an enterprise with foreign capital shall
promptly issue a public notice and proceed with liquidation in accordance
with legal procedure. Pending the completion of liquidation, a foreign
investor may not dispose of the assets of the enterprise except for the
purpose of liquidation.
Article 22
At the termination of operations, the enterprise with foreign capital
shall nullify its registration with the industry and commerce
administration authorities and hand in its business licence for
cancellation.
Article 23
The department under the State Council which is in charge of foreign
economic relations and trade shall, in accordance with this Law, formulate
rules for its implementation, which shall go into effect after being
submitted to and approved by the State Council.
Article 24
This Law shall go into effect on the day of its promulgation.




Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

陕西省社会福利企业管理暂行办法

陕西省人民政府


陕西省社会福利企业管理暂行办法
陕西省人民政府



第一条 为加强社会福利企业(下下简称福利企业)的管理,促进社会福利事业的发展,根据《中华人民共和国宪法》第四十五条和国家有关政策的规定,结合我省实际情况,制定本办法。
第二条 本规定适用于本省国营、集体和个体福利企业,福利企业必须遵守国家法律、法规和政策。
第三条福利企业是为安置具有一定劳动能力的残疾人员就业而兴办的具有社会保障性质的特殊企业。安置的残疾人员是指盲人、聋哑人、肢体残缺和智力缺损人员。凡开业三年以上的福利企业,残疾人员达到生产人员总数35%以上的均为福利企业,福利企业受国家法律保护,任何单
位和个人不得侵犯。
第四条 兴办福利企业,由县(市、区)以上民政部门审核批准,发给福利企业证书,并向所在地工商行政管理部门申请登记,领取营业执照,再向税务部门申请办理减免税收登记手续后,方可经营。未经民政部门批准,不得视为福利企业,不能享受国家优惠政策扶持。
第五条 民政部门要对福利企业加强管理、指导、扶持和监督,维护残疾职工的合法权益。在办厂方向、疏通渠道、信息咨询等方面发挥监督、协调和服务作用。
第六条 举办福利企业的资金,主要采取集体投资、社会和个人集资,横向经济合作,以及银行贷款等方面筹集。
企业经营方式,应实行自主经营、独立核算、自负盈亏、按劳分配的原则。企业具有法人资格。
第七条 福利企业实行厂长(经理)负责制和任期目标责任制。按照责、权、利相结合的原则,逐步完善企业内部各种形式的经济承包责任制。要健全职工代表大会制度,实行民主管理。
第八条 福利企业可实行行业归口管理,采用新技术、新工艺,改进和更新设备,开发新产品,提高经济效益。要全面推行质量管理制度,严格质量责任制,确保产品质量和服务质量,对用户和消费者负责。
第九条 福利企业要建立健全财务管理制度,严格财经纪律,管好用好企业各项基金。遵守国家物价管理,接受财政、审计、劳动工资和物价机关的监督。
第十条 国家对福利企业实行减免税后,减免税款额的70%以上列入企业发展基金,30%以下留作福利基金。因故停办的企业,其减免税款中列入企业发展基金部分应交民政部门或者主办单位,继续用于发展残疾人福利事业。
第十一条 民政部门直接办的福利企业和主管部门实行利润分成,坚持多留少提,给企业休养生息,其比例由各地自定,提取比例最高不得超过纯利润的30%。提取的利润应主要用于企业的新建、扩建、技术改造、新产品试制。
第十二条 福利企业有权拒绝任何单位和个人向企业摊派人力、物力、财力。
第十三条 福利企业必须建立健全劳动安全管理制度和操作规程,坚持“安全第一,预防为主”的方针,严禁违章作业、违章指挥。
第十四条 福利企业应当不断改善劳动条件,做好劳动保护和环境保护工作,做到安全生产和文明生产。
第十五条 福利企业应从工种安排和劳动定额等方面,对残疾职工给予照顾,保障其基本生活。
第十六条 计划、物资、银行、及各行业归口部门对福利企业的生产、建设所需资金、原材料、燃料、技术等,要积极给予支持和照顾,帮助福利企业解决实际困难。
第十七条 福利企业的分立、合并、终止,以及生产经营范围等登记事项的变更,应经民政部门审查同意,并经工商行政管理部门核准登记。
福利企业分立、合并或者终止时,必须保护其财产,依法清理债权、债务。
第十八条 福利企业违反本办法和国家法律、法规的,应根据情节轻重,分别给予批评、警告、罚款、停业整顿、吊销营业执照、撤销证书等行政处罚;情节严重,触犯刑律的,由司法机关追究刑事责任。
第十九条 本办法自省民政厅负责解释。
第二十条 本办法自发布之日起施行。




1988年5月13日